Lesson 4
In this lesson you'll learn:
- How to say where you live
- How to fully decline the personal pronoun (me, you etc.)
- How to use the past tense of -jan verbs
- How to use the singular declension of "the" and "this/that"
What are these forms in Gothic?
Let's look at them in a table, the first word given is the dative, the second one accusative. For example:
me - mis / mikMis is dative, mik is accusative.
Let's look at all forms now:
me - mis / mik
you (sing.) - þus / þuk
him - imma / ina
her - izai / ija
you (dual) - igqis / igqis
you (plural) - izwis / izwis
them - im (all forms)
For example,"you talk with me" would become "(þu) rodeis miþ mis", miþ takes the dative case and the dative form of "me" is "mis".
The preterite for -jan verbs is formed by removing -jan from the infinitive (e.g. meljan, rodjan), now you keep mel- or rod-. After this, you add the appropriate form of -ida, -ides, -ida,-idedu, -idedum, -ideduts, ideduþ, -idedun.
Let's look at this in a table, you already learned the present tense of to write, melja, meleis etc. Let's look at the preterite (past tense) now:
I wrote - ik melida
You wrote (sing.) - þu melides
He wrote - is melida
She wrote - si melida
It wrote - ita melida
We wrote (dual) - wit melidedu
We wrote (plural) - weis melidedum
You wrote (dual) - jut melideduts
You wrote (plural) - jus melideduþ
They wrote - eis (m.)/ ijos (f.)/ ija (n.) melidedun
To live as in: to live in a place, is translated with the irregular verb "bauan". I live = ik baua
If you are in a certain place, the word "in" takes the dative in Gothic.
I live in = ik baua in .... + dative
Now how do we translate words like France? For these, linguists have constructed neologisms, of which some can be found in this dictionary.
France = *Fragkaland (n. A)
Russia = *Rusaland (n. A)
Spain = *Heispanja (f. O) (we'll still learn this declension)
One country is even attested, in the Getica of Jordanes we can find the Gothic word for Finland, which was *Finnahaiþi (literally Fin-Field), of which the dative is *Finnahaiþjai.
I live in Finland = ik baua in *Finnahaiþjai
I live in Russia = ik baua in *Rusalanda
I live in France = ik baua in *Fragkalanda
I live in Spain = ik baua in *Heispanjai
You might also want to say where you used to live. The preterite of bauan for "I" is bauaida.
I lived in Finland = ik bauaida in *Finnahaiþjai.
Finally, he/she lives = bauiþ.
He lives in Russia = is bauiþ in *Rusalanda
The demonstrative pronoun
The word "the" in Gothic is only translated if a word is already mentioned before. After this, "the" is expressed with the demonstrative pronoun, which is this and that in Gothic.
You have already seen the 3 nominative singular forms: sa (m.), so (f.) and þata (n.)
In the previous reading texts, you have already seen the dative and accusative of the masculine form. The dative is þamma and the accusative is þana.
Þamma is also the dative of the neuter form. The accusative of the neuter form is the same as the nominative. The genitive of both masculine and neuter is the same, this is þis.
It looks a bit similar as the adjective which you learned in the previous lesson. The feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun is a bit different. In the accusative, the "s" turns to "þ" and it becomes þo.
The dative form looks like the dative feminine adjective, which is meinai, the dative of the demonstrative pronoun is þizai, the genitive is þizos.
Let's look at this in a table:
Vocabulary:
Russia = *Rusaland (n. A)
to live = bauan (irregular verb)
France = *Fragkaland (n. A)
Finland = *Finnahaiþi
then = þan
after = afar + dat./acc.
when = hwan
house = razn (n. A)
dog = hunds (m. A)
to obey = andhausjan (I verb i)
he/she wants = wili
that (conjunction) = þatei (as in: He thinks that ...)
already = ju
he/she was = was
not anymore = ni þanamais
because of this, for this reason, therefore = in þis
earlier = airis
today = himma daga
only, alone = þatainei (as in: he only does, NOT as in "he is the only")
outside = uta
before, in front = faura + dat.
to be = wisan
Reading text:
Skalks sokeiþ mik, unte þiudans wili þatei ik im miþ imma. Duhwe wili sa þiudans, þatei ik im miþ imma? Wili þatei ik im miþ imma, unte hunds nist in razna meinamma, jah sa hunds ist hunds þis þiudanis. Sa hunds ju aftra miþ þamma þiudana was, iþ biþe ni was þanamais miþ imma. In þis, sa skalks þis þiudanis aftra sokeiþ þana hund. Hwar nu ist sa hunds? Airis sa was uf biuda, iþ nu jah in meinamma razna sa hunds nist. Sa skalks sokeiþ þana hund, iþ ni sokeiþ þatainei in þamma razna, jah uta sokeiþ. Jainar ist hunds! Sa hunds ist faura þamma razna, ana akra.
Translate:
1. Today I am not with the king anymore.
2. He only obeys me, because the king isn't here now. The king wants to be outside now, the servant of the king wants to be outside too.
3. The dog already obeys the soldier, therefore the soldier doesn't teach the dog to obey him anymore.
4. He lived in Finland, because his house was there, but now he lives in Spain.
5. When are you here? He wants you to be here now. (Use þatei)
Answers (the word order might differ, thus doesn't mean your answers are wrong):
1. Himma daga ni þanamais im miþ þiudana.
2. (Is) þatainei andhauseiþ mis, unte þiudans nist her nu. Sa þiudans wili uta wisan, skalks þis þiudanis wili wisan uta jah.
3. Hunds ju andhauseiþ gadrauhta, in þis sa gadrauhts ni talzeiþ þanamais þana hund andhausjan imma.
4. (Is) bauaida in Finnahaiþjai, unte is razn was jainar, iþ nu is bauiþ in Heispanjai.
5. Hwar is þu? Is wili þatei þu is her.
- How to say where you live
- How to fully decline the personal pronoun (me, you etc.)
- How to use the past tense of -jan verbs
- How to use the singular declension of "the" and "this/that"
Lesson 4
All forms of the personal pronoun
Apart from I, you and he, you also have dative and accusative forms, which in English are me, you, him, her etc.What are these forms in Gothic?
Let's look at them in a table, the first word given is the dative, the second one accusative. For example:
me - mis / mikMis is dative, mik is accusative.
Let's look at all forms now:
me - mis / mik
you (sing.) - þus / þuk
him - imma / ina
her - izai / ija
you (dual) - igqis / igqis
you (plural) - izwis / izwis
them - im (all forms)
For example,"you talk with me" would become "(þu) rodeis miþ mis", miþ takes the dative case and the dative form of "me" is "mis".
How to use the past tense of -jan verbs
The past tense in Gothic is called the "preterite" in most grammar books for the Gothic language.
The preterite for -jan verbs is formed by removing -jan from the infinitive (e.g. meljan, rodjan), now you keep mel- or rod-. After this, you add the appropriate form of -ida, -ides, -ida,-idedu, -idedum, -ideduts, ideduþ, -idedun.
Let's look at this in a table, you already learned the present tense of to write, melja, meleis etc. Let's look at the preterite (past tense) now:
I wrote - ik melida
You wrote (sing.) - þu melides
He wrote - is melida
She wrote - si melida
It wrote - ita melida
We wrote (dual) - wit melidedu
We wrote (plural) - weis melidedum
You wrote (dual) - jut melideduts
You wrote (plural) - jus melideduþ
They wrote - eis (m.)/ ijos (f.)/ ija (n.) melidedun
How to say where you live
If you want to speak Gothic, it is very useful to say where you live. We will learn how to say I live, in combination with several countries.
To live as in: to live in a place, is translated with the irregular verb "bauan". I live = ik baua
If you are in a certain place, the word "in" takes the dative in Gothic.
I live in = ik baua in .... + dative
Now how do we translate words like France? For these, linguists have constructed neologisms, of which some can be found in this dictionary.
France = *Fragkaland (n. A)
Russia = *Rusaland (n. A)
Spain = *Heispanja (f. O) (we'll still learn this declension)
One country is even attested, in the Getica of Jordanes we can find the Gothic word for Finland, which was *Finnahaiþi (literally Fin-Field), of which the dative is *Finnahaiþjai.
I live in Finland = ik baua in *Finnahaiþjai
I live in Russia = ik baua in *Rusalanda
I live in France = ik baua in *Fragkalanda
I live in Spain = ik baua in *Heispanjai
You might also want to say where you used to live. The preterite of bauan for "I" is bauaida.
I lived in Finland = ik bauaida in *Finnahaiþjai.
Finally, he/she lives = bauiþ.
He lives in Russia = is bauiþ in *Rusalanda
The demonstrative pronoun
The word "the" in Gothic is only translated if a word is already mentioned before. After this, "the" is expressed with the demonstrative pronoun, which is this and that in Gothic.
You have already seen the 3 nominative singular forms: sa (m.), so (f.) and þata (n.)
In the previous reading texts, you have already seen the dative and accusative of the masculine form. The dative is þamma and the accusative is þana.
Þamma is also the dative of the neuter form. The accusative of the neuter form is the same as the nominative. The genitive of both masculine and neuter is the same, this is þis.
It looks a bit similar as the adjective which you learned in the previous lesson. The feminine declension of the demonstrative pronoun is a bit different. In the accusative, the "s" turns to "þ" and it becomes þo.
The dative form looks like the dative feminine adjective, which is meinai, the dative of the demonstrative pronoun is þizai, the genitive is þizos.
Let's look at this in a table:
- Decl. /Masculine / Neuter / Feminine
- Nom. sa / þata / so
- Gen. þis / þis / þizos
- Dat. þamma / þamma / þizai
- Acc. þana / þata / þo
Vocabulary:
Russia = *Rusaland (n. A)
to live = bauan (irregular verb)
France = *Fragkaland (n. A)
Finland = *Finnahaiþi
then = þan
after = afar + dat./acc.
when = hwan
house = razn (n. A)
dog = hunds (m. A)
to obey = andhausjan (I verb i)
he/she wants = wili
that (conjunction) = þatei (as in: He thinks that ...)
already = ju
he/she was = was
not anymore = ni þanamais
because of this, for this reason, therefore = in þis
earlier = airis
today = himma daga
only, alone = þatainei (as in: he only does, NOT as in "he is the only")
outside = uta
before, in front = faura + dat.
to be = wisan
Reading text:
Skalks sokeiþ mik, unte þiudans wili þatei ik im miþ imma. Duhwe wili sa þiudans, þatei ik im miþ imma? Wili þatei ik im miþ imma, unte hunds nist in razna meinamma, jah sa hunds ist hunds þis þiudanis. Sa hunds ju aftra miþ þamma þiudana was, iþ biþe ni was þanamais miþ imma. In þis, sa skalks þis þiudanis aftra sokeiþ þana hund. Hwar nu ist sa hunds? Airis sa was uf biuda, iþ nu jah in meinamma razna sa hunds nist. Sa skalks sokeiþ þana hund, iþ ni sokeiþ þatainei in þamma razna, jah uta sokeiþ. Jainar ist hunds! Sa hunds ist faura þamma razna, ana akra.
Translate:
1. Today I am not with the king anymore.
2. He only obeys me, because the king isn't here now. The king wants to be outside now, the servant of the king wants to be outside too.
3. The dog already obeys the soldier, therefore the soldier doesn't teach the dog to obey him anymore.
4. He lived in Finland, because his house was there, but now he lives in Spain.
5. When are you here? He wants you to be here now. (Use þatei)
Answers (the word order might differ, thus doesn't mean your answers are wrong):
1. Himma daga ni þanamais im miþ þiudana.
2. (Is) þatainei andhauseiþ mis, unte þiudans nist her nu. Sa þiudans wili uta wisan, skalks þis þiudanis wili wisan uta jah.
3. Hunds ju andhauseiþ gadrauhta, in þis sa gadrauhts ni talzeiþ þanamais þana hund andhausjan imma.
4. (Is) bauaida in Finnahaiþjai, unte is razn was jainar, iþ nu is bauiþ in Heispanjai.
5. Hwar is þu? Is wili þatei þu is her.
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